Electrode Placement: Electrodes are strategically placed on the outer ear, targeting specific areas associated with the auricular branch of the vagus nerve. These electrodes deliver controlled electrical impulses.
 

Stimulation Parameters: The electrical impulses generated by the electrodes are carefully calibrated based on individual needs and treatment goals. Parameters such as pulse frequency, intensity, and duration may be adjusted to optimise effectiveness.
 

Activation of Vagus Nerve Pathways: The electrical impulses from the electrodes stimulate the auricular branch of the vagus nerve, which then sends signals to the brainstem and activates various neural pathways associated with the vagus nerve.
 

Modulation of Neural Activity: The activated neural pathways modulate activity in the central nervous system, including regions involved in regulating autonomic functions, mood, inflammation, and pain perception.
 

Therapeutic Effects: Through its modulatory effects on neural activity, TA-VNS is believed to exert various therapeutic effects, including:
 

• Regulation of autonomic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and gastrointestinal motility.

• Modulation of mood and stress responses by influencing neurotransmitter release in brain regions involved in emotional regulation.

• Reduction of inflammation through regulation of the inflammatory response.

• Alleviation of pain through modulation of pain perception pathways.
   

Cumulative Benefits: TA-VNS is typically administered in multiple sessions over a period of time to achieve cumulative therapeutic benefits. With repeated stimulation, the effects of TA-VNS may become more pronounced and long-lasting.